Netherlands, Antilles
Air Pollution

Netherlands, Antilles: General Health Risks

Air Pollution

Country Risk

Air pollution data is unavailable due to a lack of air quality assessment in Aruba.

In the Caribbean, seasonal variations in pollution can exist, with higher levels of air pollution in the dry season (December to May) due to oceanic trade wind patterns and Saharan dust blowing in from Africa. Air quality in the Caribbean can also be affected by the use of biomass (e.g. wood) for home-heating, vehicle emissions, and waste burning.

Description

Outdoor air pollution is a mix of chemicals, particulate matter, and biological materials that react with each other to form tiny hazardous particles. It contributes to breathing problems, chronic diseases, increased hospitalization, and premature mortality.

The concentration of particulate matter (PM) is a key air quality indicator since it is the most common air pollutant that affects short term and long term health. Two sizes of particulate matter are used to analyze air quality; fine particles with a diameter of less than 2.5 µm or PM2.5 and coarse particles with a diameter of less than 10 µm or PM10. PM2.5 particles are more concerning because their small size allows them to travel deeper into the cardiopulmonary system.

The World Health Organization’s air quality guidelines recommend that the annual mean concentrations of PM2.5 should not exceed 10 µg/m3 and 20 µg/m3 for PM10.

Risk

Cities and rural areas worldwide are affected by air pollution. When planning a trip, consider health status, age, destination, length of trip and season to mitigate the effects of air pollution.

Symptoms

Short term symptoms resulting from exposure to air pollution include itchy eyes, nose and throat, wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, chest pain, headaches, nausea, and upper respiratory infections (bronchitis and pneumonia). It also exacerbates asthma and emphysema. Long term effects include lung cancer, cardiovascular disease, chronic respiratory illness, and developing allergies. Air pollution is also associated with heart attacks and strokes.

Prevention
  • Comply with air pollution advisories - ask around and observe what locals are doing and avoid strenuous activities.
  • Travellers with asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) should carry an inhaler, antibiotic, or oral steroid - consult your doctor to see what is best for you.
  • Older travellers with pre-existing conditions should get a physical exam that includes a stress and lung capacity test prior to departure. 
  • Newborns and young children should minimize exposure as much as possible or consider not travelling to areas with poor air quality. 
  • Ask your medical practitioner if a face mask is advisable for you.
  • See city and country air pollution levels: World Health Organization

Information last updated: February 23, 2021.

  • Sanford C. Urban Medicine: Threats to Health of Travelers to Developing World Cities. In: Jong E, Sanford C, eds. The Travel and Tropical Medicine Manual, 4th ed. Waltham: Saunders Elsevier; 2008: 18-32. 
  • World Health Organization: Ambient (Outdoor) Air Quality and Health Fact Sheet No. 313
  • World Health Organization: WHO Air quality guidelines for particulate matter, ozone, nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide - Global update 2005 - Summary of risk assessment  PDF